In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. . Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. - death of henry II. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. - navy to firth of Forth. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Company Reg no: 04489574. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Use your outline Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Save. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. The invasion failed, however. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Most people in . In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! Student / Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. LS23 6AD West Yorkshire, King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Elizabeth I: a biography. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Boston Spa, Why was France a threat? Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Boston House, The attack was a success. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Boston Spa, Overview of Elizabeth I / Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. One was debt. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Spain and France were the major European powers. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. The war was going badly for England. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. 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England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. What were the causes of westward The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. By 1568 most people had accepted. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. J. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase.

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